Gayusuta and Washington

Gayusuta and Washington

Sunday, August 21, 2016

The Half King: Which one?

One can't study this period in history for too long without running into a Native leader known as the Half King.  He's everywhere.  First, he's guiding George Washington to find a French raiding party and wreaking personal vengeance on a French officer who killed relatives of his.  Next, he's warning Benjamin Franklin of the massing Confederacy that would become Pontiac's War.  Then, he's best friends with Simon Girty.  That's because there are actually three Native leaders of the era known as Half King.  Half in the sense that Settlers realized they weren't Sachems (Kings), but did possess more authority than regular village headmen or war leaders.  We'll run them down now to allay confusion:

Dunquat or Petawontakas (active late 1700's), was an Ohio Huron and likely the Half King that Girty knew.  He was born a Huron, though the tribe became known as Wyandot when they moved to the Ohio Valley.  He allied his people with the British during the American Revolution and later joined the Western Confederacy during the Northwest Indian War (1785-1795).  Like Buckongahelas, he was worried about the Christianized Delaware who would be at the mercy of both sides when war broke out and tried to protect them from Native reprisals as best he could.  He was a signatory to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 and faded from history soon after. 

Tanacharison (1700-1754), was a Seneca.  He was known as the Half King by Whites who understood that he had been appointed by the Iroquois Sachems as their diplomatic link with the Seneca and other Iroquoian tribes who had migrated to the Ohio Valley.  Tanacharison was born a Catawba but captured and raised as a Seneca on the shores of Lake Erie.  During the French and Indian War (1755-1762) he allied with the British, working closely with George Croghan and George Washington.  He was with Washington when Washington surrendered Fort Necessity in 1754 and later on an expedition to find a raiding party led by the Sieur de Jumonville.  Half King did kill Jumonville in revenge for the Frenchman having earlier been responsible for the death of some of his relatives, though sources debate the story that he washed his hands in Jumonville's brains.  Later, Half King moved to the area of what is now Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and died of pneumonia.  This is the best known of the three Half Kings and the subject of many modern works of art, such as the bust and painting shown.

Scaroudy (active 1750's), an Oneida who succeeded Tanacharison in his position of diplomatic link with the Iroquois Council in New York to the Iroquoian people in Ohio and as their link between White settlers already settling the backcountry.  He aligned with the British during the French and Indian War (1755-1762) and present at Braddock's Defeat in 1755.   Benjamin Franklin's first diplomatic forays were as a representative of the Pennsylvania Colony to the Natives in the Ohio Valley where he saw Scaroudy's oratory skills at first hand, as when he comforted and rallied the Mingos (Ohio Iroquoian-speaking Natives) who had suffered heavily at the hands of the French.  Scaroudy presented Franklin and the other peace commissioners with a wampum belt and swore peace between the Mingos and Pennsylvania (which didn't last long).  Later, he got word to Franklin of the impending Pontiac's War. 

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